不管我们承认与否，每一台机器或每一项技术都有某种方式来显示它的状态。然而，制造商希望确保在机器状况太差之前发出警告。如果出现警告时条件太差，则可能会导致生命损失和无法弥补的损失。SMART或自我监控、分析和报告技术(Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology)是硬盘驱动器(Hard Drive)测量其可靠性以查看其是否出现故障的方式。
让我们调查SMART并找出它的全部内容。
1] 什么是自我监控、分析(Analysis)和报告技术(Reporting Technology)
硬盘驱动器使用SMART(S.M.A.R.T)或自我监控(Self-Monitoring)、分析(Analysis)和报告技术(Reporting Technology)来测量可靠性并查看它们是否出现故障。SMART功能内置于每个硬盘驱动器中，并测试其性能的各个方面，以确保其性能达到所需的标准。SMART将检查从Read/Write速度、错误率到内部温度等方面。请注意，并非所有硬盘故障都可以预测，因此最好定期备份。
SMART根据制造商设定的基准测量硬盘驱动器(hard drive)的当前状态。如果错过了任何基准，硬盘驱动器会将其记录下来并进行比较和累加，这些错误的频率可能会被报告为即将发生的故障。
想想自动驾驶汽车的规则/法则，当您将操纵杆移动到“D”时，您希望汽车向前行驶，这是每次都要做的。每当这条规则被打破时，这就是即将失败的迹象。司机通常会记录下来，并将其报告给机械师。回顾过去，驾驶员可能会记得与新车相比，这辆车没有正确驾驶或换档。SMART将寻求挑选所有不符合制造商基准的东西，并将被视为失败。
硬盘驱动器和SSD(SSD)可能会遇到两种类型的故障，它们是可预测的故障和不可预测的故障。可预测的故障是那些随着使用时间而出现的故障。这些故障包括盘片损坏、读/写故障、硬盘驱动器的电机故障。在SSD中，这些故障可能是由于随着时间的推移而磨损或失败的擦除尝试次数过多。随着时间的推移，问题变得更糟，驱动器出现故障。
不可预测的故障是突然发生的故障。它们可能包括突然的电涌或对电路的意外损坏。重要的是要知道SMART只能检测可预测的故障，因此最好定期备份数据。
2] SMART的类型
硬盘驱动器可以针对不同目的进行不同类型的SMART测试。
夏令时短
每次计算机启动时都会执行一次短磁盘自检(Disk Self Test)。Short Disk Self Test是SMART的一个方面，它在启动时运行并对硬盘驱动器的主要组件进行简短测试。制造商构建了在每次启动时运行的诊断工具，它可以快速检查硬盘驱动器是否存在错误。
每当您的硬盘驱动器执行短磁盘自检(Short Disk Self Test)时，它都会快速检查其各种组件。简短的DST只关注主要部件，如读写头、ROM、控制板、盘片和电机。自检可确保这些主要组件正常运行，如果其中任何一个不正常，将返回警告消息。此检查只需要几分钟，在此期间您仍然可以使用硬盘。
短DST由制造商安装在硬盘驱动器上的实用程序自动运行。它在启动过程中运行开机自检(Power)之后运行。(Self Test)如果短DST通过，计算机将启动进入操作系统。
长/扩展 DST
在 Long/Extended Disk Self Test中，主要组件将与盘片上的数据一起进行测试。如果Long DST在磁盘上发现损坏或损坏的区域，它将尝试重新分配和重新映射损坏的部分。这将确保硬盘驱动器不会再次遇到这些坏区域。在Long DST期间，硬盘驱动器在测试完成之前不能使用。
运输 DST
该测试旨在检查从硬盘驱动器制造商到计算机制造商的运输过程中可能发生的损坏。它仅在ATA驱动器上可用，通常需要几分钟时间。
选择性夏令时
有些驱动器只允许测试驱动器表面的一部分。
阅读(Read)：使用 PassMark DiskCheckup 监控硬盘驱动器的 SMART 属性(Monitor hard drive SMART attributes with PassMark DiskCheckup)。
3]在Windows 10中(Windows 10)检查(Checking)硬盘状态
SMART状态可以在 Windows 10 中手动运行，这将返回很少的信息，但总比完全不知道要好。
打开命令提示符，键入或复制并粘贴以下内容，然后按 Enter：
wmic diskdrive get model,status
这将给出所有已安装硬盘驱动器的型号和状态。发现可能安装了您不知道的硬盘驱动器可能会令人惊讶。在此检查中，您可以看到安装了一个小型SSD驱动器。此SSD驱动器用于提升计算机的RAM。
有关更详细的SMART信息，一些硬盘制造商提供自己的SMART 实用程序(utilities)。还有可以在Windows 10(Windows 10)上运行的第三方软件。
阅读(Read)：如何检查驱动器的 SMART 故障预测状态(How to check SMART Failure Predict Status of Drives)。
SMART是您的硬盘驱动器和SSD中的一项技术。它会根据制造商设定的标准检查驱动器的运行状况，如果不符合标准，将返回错误消息。SMART独立于操作系统、(System) BIOS或(BIOS)任何其他软件。SMART扫描也称为磁盘自检(Disk Self Test)或DST。
可以有 Short DST。长 DST(Long DST)、运输 DST(Conveyance DST)和选择性DST。即使您的硬盘驱动器进行了自检以显示它是否即将死机，但最好始终备份数据，因为硬盘驱动器可能会在没有警告的情况下死机。
What is S.M.A.R.T or Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology
Whether we recognize it or not, eνery machinery or piece of technology has some way of showing its condition. The manufacturer, however, wаnts to be sure that the warnings are given before the condition of the machinery is too bad. If the condition іs too bad when there is a wаrning, then this could cause loss of life and irreparablе damage. S.M.A.R.T or Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology is the way a Hard Drive measures its reliability to see if it is failing.
Let us investigate S.M.A.R.T and find out what it is all about.
1] What is Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology
S.M.A.R.T or Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology is used by hard drives to measure reliability and to see if they are failing. The S.M.A.R.T capability is built into every hard drive and tests every aspect of its performance to make sure it is performing up to the required standards. S.M.A.R.T will check on aspects from Read/Write speed, error rates to the internal temperature. Note that not all hard drive failure will be predicted, so it is best to back up regularly.
S.M.A.R.T measures the current state of the hard drive against the benchmark set by the manufacturer. If any of the benchmarks are missed, the hard drive will log it and it will be compared and added up, the frequency of these errors may be reported as an imminent failure.
Think of the rule/law of an automatic car, when you move the lever to “D” you expect the car to go forward, this is to be done every time. Whenever this rule is broken, this is a sign of imminent failure. The driver usually takes note and will report it to the mechanic. Looking back, the driver might remember that the car wasn’t driving or shifting properly compared to when it was new. S.M.A.R.T will seek to pick up all things that are not according to the manufacturer’s benchmark and will be seen as failures.
There are two types of failures that hard drive and SSD can experience, they are predictable failures and unpredictable failures. Predictable failures are those failures that appear in time with use. These failures include damage to the platter, read/write failure, motor failure in the case of hard drives. In SSD these failures could be due to wear over time or high numbers of erasing attempts that failed. The problem gets worse over time and the drive fails.
Unpredictable failures are those that happen suddenly. They may include a sudden power surge or unexpected damage to circuitry. It is important to know that S.M.A.R.T can only detect predictable failures, so it is best to back up data regularly.
2] Types of S.M.A.R.T
Hard drives can do different types of S.M.A.R.T tests for different purposes.
- Short DST
- Long/Extended DST
- Conveyance DST
- Selective DST
Short DST
Each time the computer starts a Short Disk Self Test is performed. Short Disk Self Test is an aspect of S.M.A.R.T that runs at startup and does a short test of the major components of the hard drive. Manufacturers build the diagnostic tool to run at each startup and it quickly checks the hard drive for errors.
Whenever your hard drive performs a Short Disk Self Test, it quickly checks its various components. The short DST only focuses on the major components, such as the read/write head, ROM, control board, platter, and motor. The self-test makes sure that these major components are functioning properly and will return a warning message if any of them are not. This check only takes a few minutes, during which you can still use the hard drive.
The short DST is automatically run by a utility installed on the hard drive by the manufacturer. It runs just after the Power On Self Test is run during the boot-up process. If the short DST is passed, the computer will boot into the operating system.
Long/Extended DST
In a Long/Extended Disk Self Test, the major components will be tested along with the data on the platter. If the Long DST discovers damaged or corrupt areas on the disk, it will try to reallocate and remap the damaged portions. This would ensure the hard drive will not run into these bad areas again. During the Long DST, the hard drive cannot be used until the test is finished.
Conveyance DST
This is a test intended to check for damages that may have occurred during transportation from the hard drive’s manufacturer to the computer manufacturer. It is only available on ATA drives and usually takes several minutes.
Selective DST
Some drives will allow for testing just a part of the drive’s surface.
Read: Monitor hard drive SMART attributes with PassMark DiskCheckup.
3] Checking hard drive status in Windows 10
S.M.A.R.T status can be run manually in windows 10, this will return little information but is better than not knowing at all.
Open a command prompt, type or copy and paste the following then press Enter:
wmic diskdrive get model,status
This will give the model and status of all installed hard drives. It might be surprising to find out that there may be hard drives installed that you are not aware of. In this check, you can see that a small SSD drive is installed. This SSD drive is used to boost the RAM of the computer.
For more detailed S.M.A.R.T information, some hard drive manufacturers have their own S.M.A.R.T utilities available. There is also third-party software available that can run on Windows 10.
Read: How to check SMART Failure Predict Status of Drives.
S.M.A.R.T is a technology found inside your hard drive and SSD. It checks the health of your drive against the standard set by the manufacturer and will return an error message if standards are not met. S.M.A.R.T is independent of the Operating System, BIOS, or any other software. A S.M.A.R.T scan is also known as a Disk Self Test or DST.
There can be Short DST. Long DST, Conveyance DST, and selective DST. Even though your hard drive does the self-test to show if it is about to die, it is best to always back up data as hard drives may die without warning.
