Linux和不同的BSD(BSDs)（伯克利软件发行(Berkeley Software Distributions)版）都是免费和开源的，它们的共同点多于差异。考虑到这一点，您可能会问自己，“如果它们如此相似，那么它们为什么存在呢？拥有一个可供选择的单一操作系统不是更好吗？”
我可以通过提到它们的差异也很大来回答这个问题。如此之多，以至于涵盖所有这些内容会将这篇文章变成一本书，而不仅仅是一篇简单的文章。相反，我将专注于这两个开源系统的基础知识，以便您可以自己选择哪个是更好的选择。
Linux 与 BSD(Linux vs BSD)
Linux在技术上不被视为操作系统。相反，实际上，它只是一个内核。内核是任何操作系统的核心方面，它位于软件和硬件之间。
这允许内核帮助用户利用系统中可用的资源。操作系统本身是建立在内核之上的。
内核与操作系统(The Kernel vs The Operating System)
Linux和BSD(BSDs)都是类 Unix 操作系统。安装Linux时，您正在安装使用Linux内核构建的发行版。有很多发行版可供选择，例如Ubuntu和Debian，它们都使用Linux内核。在将发行版推向市场之前，将不同的程序嵌入到内核中。
BSD与Linux不同，它是一个完整的操作系统。BSD也是一个内核，用作操作系统的核心。BSD开发人员将使用该内核来添加不同类型的程序，使它们作为一个完整的发行版提供给用户。这意味着像FreeBSD或NetBSD这样的(NetBSD)BSD操作系统是内核加上在其之上添加的任何程序，并作为单个可下载的软件包分发。
BSD(BSDs)使用称为端口系统的东西。该系统允许安装软件包。该软件以源代码形式保存，这意味着您的计算机每次都需要在软件运行之前编译数据。
这方面的一线希望是可以以预安装的二进制状态安装软件包，这允许您的系统放弃预运行数据编译步骤。
两者的基本区别在于Linux发行版带有不同的程序集和存储库，允许用户根据发行版的要求下载其他不同的程序。
当您安装BSD操作系统时，您将获得BSD提供的程序。对于软件包而言，情况并非如此，因为您会发现它们对两者都可用。
许可差异(Differences In Licensing)
大多数人可能不在乎，但许可方面的差异实际上是显着的。Linux使用GNU 通用公共许可证(GNU General Public License)或GPL。这意味着开发人员可以随意修改或向Linux内核添加新功能。唯一的问题是所有新开发的源代码都必须向公众发布，无论他们是否愿意。
BSD(BSDs)使用自己独特的BSD许可证，允许开发人员修改和添加新功能到BSD内核或发行版，而(without)无需发布源代码。这意味着如果开发人员愿意，可以将开源BSD声明为闭源。他们没有义务向任何人发布源代码。
软件可用性和兼容性(Software Availability & Compatibility)
这是直接影响操作系统对公众的普及和适应性的事情。与现代软件兼容的操作系统的功能对于大多数人来说可能是一个决定成败的功能。
就Linux(Linux)而言，开发人员更容易编写代码，这些代码可以在预编译的二进制包中提供给用户以进行安装。可以使用 apt、yum 和其他类似的包管理器安装这些包。Linux的开源特性使这种可能性变得更容易。
对于BSD用户来说，任务并不简单。用户将不得不从数以千计的可用端口下载程序的源代码。然后，在下载源代码后，他们必须在他们的系统上编译它们。
这让BSD(BSD)用户和开发人员都很头疼，因为在普通用户中不受欢迎可以归因于编译源代码的额外麻烦。预编译的二进制包可以看作是消除麻烦的唯一方法，但在应用程序的可用性方面仍然不足。
做出选择(Making A Choice)
毫无疑问， Linux(Linux)是基于 Unix 的开源操作系统中更受欢迎的选择。它往往比BSD(BSD)更快地获得硬件支持，并且对于大多数通用目的，这两个系统都太相似了。
两种系统都有自己的优势。看看FreeBSD，开发团队维护着自己的大量常用工具版本。这允许开发人员创建自己的工具变体以用于他们的系统。Linux系统工具主要由GNU套件提供，因此不太可能发生变化。
BSD严重缺乏应用程序。这导致开发人员尝试通过创建Linux兼容性包来控制这种情况，从而允许Linux应用程序在BSD上运行。Linux发行版在应用程序方面没有真正的问题，因为有很多可供公众使用。
真正的复杂因素是免费来源的论点。
开发人员和用户与限制(Developers & Users vs Restrictions)
Linux GPL许可证往往对开发人员更加严格，强制发布所有修改过的源代码。另一方面，BSD开发人员没有这样的限制。(BSD)要记住的是，非发展中的公众从这一切中得到了什么。
制造商在创建新设备时可能会选择BSD作为他们选择的操作系统，而不是Linux。这将允许他们将代码修改保留给自己，因为使用Linux会附带向公众发布源代码的规定。
许可证对Linux(Linux)设置的限制为那些寻求系统应用程序的人提供了保证，即如果制造了一个，他们将可以访问它。BSD许可证允许其开发人员选择对内核和系统修改保持贪婪和守口如瓶，这意味着即使做出了某些事情，公众甚至可能不知道它的存在。
BSD系统在可靠性方面比其(BSD)Linux系统获得了更好的声誉。这在BSD(BSD)的记分板上加分。它还能够执行Linux二进制文件并声称拥有一个中央存储库。这两件事Linux都不为人所知。
对于任何需要基于 Unix 的操作系统的人来说，两者都是可行的选择。由于它们的相似性，因此很难将其中一个推广到另一个之上。选择真正取决于开发人员与用户以及用户正在寻找的开源操作系统的要求。
BSD vs Linux: The Basic Differences
Both Linux and the varуing BSDs (Berkeley Software Distributions) are free and open-source, with more things in common than dіfferences. With this in mind, you may ask yourself, “If they’re so simіlаr, then why do they exist at all? Wouldn’t it be better to have a singular operating system from which to choose?”
I can answer this question by also mentioning that their differences are also vast. So much so that to cover them all would turn this article into a book rather than just a simple article. Instead, I’ll be focusing on the basics for both open-source systems so that you can choose for yourself which one is the better choice.
Linux vs BSD
Linux is technically not considered an operating system. Instead, in reality, it is just a kernel. A kernel is the core aspect of any operating system out there and it lies somewhere between the software and hardware.
This allows the kernel to help the user take advantage of the resources available within a system. The operating system itself is built on top of the kernel.
The Kernel vs The Operating System
Both Linux and BSDs are Unix-like operating systems. When installing Linux, you’re installing a distribution that is built using the Linux kernel. There are quite a few distributions to choose from, such as Ubuntu and Debian, which all use the Linux kernel. Different programs are embedded onto the kernel prior to making the distribution available to the market.
BSD, unlike Linux, is a complete operating system. BSD is also a kernel, used as the core of the operating system. BSD developers will use that kernel to add different kinds of programs, making them available to users as a complete distribution. This means that a BSD operating system, like FreeBSD or NetBSD, is the kernel plus any programs added on top of it and distributed as a single, downloadable package.
BSDs use something called a ports system. This system is what allows the installation of software packages. The software is kept in source form, meaning that your computer will need to compile the data each time before the software will run.
A silver lining in this is that packages can be installed in a pre-installed binary state which allows your system to forego the pre-run data compilation step.
The basic difference between both is that Linux distributions come with different sets of programs and repositories, allowing the user to download additional different programs pertaining to the requirements of the distribution.
When you install a BSD operating system, you just get the programs that BSD offers. This is not true for software packages as they are available to both as you will discover.
Differences In Licensing
Most people may not care but the difference in licensing is actually significant. Linux uses the GNU General Public License, or GPL. This means that developers can modify or add new features to the Linux kernel as they please. The only catch being that all newly-developed source code must be released to the public whether they want it to or not.
BSDs use their own unique BSD license which allows developers to modify and add new features to either the BSD kernel or distribution, without the need to release the source code. This means an open-source BSD can be declared closed-source if the developer so chooses. They have no obligation to release the source code to anyone.
Software Availability & Compatibility
This is the sort of thing that has a direct influence on the popularity and adaptability of an operating system to the general public. The capability of an operating system that is compatible with modern-day software can be a make-or-break feature for most people.
Where Linux is concerned, it is easier for developers to write code that can be made available to users in pre-compiled binary packages for installation. The packages can be installed using apt, yum and other similar package managers. The open-source nature of Linux is what makes this possibility easier.
For BSD users, the task is not as simple. Users will have to download the source codes for the programs from the thousands of ports available to them. Then, after the source codes have been downloaded, they would have to compile them on their system.
This creates a headache for both BSD users and developers, as the lack of popularity among general users can be attributed to the extra hassle of compiling the source codes. The pre-compiled binary packages can be seen as the only saving grace to eradicate the hassle but still falls short in the availability of applications programs.
Making A Choice
Linux is without a doubt the more popular choice among open-source, Unix-based operating systems. It tends to get hardware support much faster than a BSD would and for most general purposes, both systems are too similar to matter.
Both systems have their own set of advantages. Taking a look at FreeBSD, the development team maintains its own version of a large number of common tools. This allows the developers to create their own tool variants for use with their system. Linux systems tools are primarily provided by the GNU suite so variations are less likely.
BSD has a serious lack of applications. This has led developers to try and control the situation by creating a Linux compatibility package, allowing Linux applications to run on BSD. Linux distributions have no real issues with applications as there are plenty available to the public.
The real complication is the free-source argument.
Developers & Users vs Restrictions
The Linux GPL license tends to be more strict on the developers, forcing a release of all modified source code. BSD developers on the other hand have no such restrictions. The thing to keep in mind is what the non-developing public gets out of all this.
Manufacturers may opt for BSD as their operating system of choice when creating new devices instead of Linux. This would allow them to keep the code modifications to themselves as the use of Linux would have come with the stipulation of releasing the source code to the public.
The restrictions set on Linux by their license provides those seeking applications for the system an assurance that if one is made, they will have access to it. The BSD license allows its developers the choice to remain greedy and tight-lipped on kernel and system modifications, meaning that even if something is made, the general public may not even have a clue to its existence.
BSD systems have acquired a better reputation for reliability than its Linux counterpart. This puts a point on the scoreboard for BSD. It is also capable of executing Linux binaries and claims a central repository. Both things Linux is not known for.
Both are viable options for anyone in need of a Unix-based OS. Because of their similarities, it’s rather hard to promote one over the other. The choice truly lies on developer vs user and the requirements in an open-source OS that a user is looking for.
