世界上大多数计算机都在某些版本的Microsoft Windows上运行。它是迄今为止世界上最流行的桌面操作系统，但是当我们转向非桌面系统（例如保持互联网运行的服务器）时，情况就大不相同了。
您更有可能找到在这些机器上运行的某个版本的Linux 。Ubuntu Linux是这个可靠而强大的操作系统的桌面版本，根据您的需要，它可能是适合您的完美桌面操作系统。如果您发现Ubuntu的想法很有趣，那么这个初学者的Ubuntu Linux指南是一个很好的起点。
什么是 Ubuntu Linux？
Ubuntu Linux是(Linux)Linux的一种发行版或“发行版(distro)” 。Linux是一个开源操作系统，由一个由普通人组成的社区和由更大的行业参与者赞助的基金会维护。
特别是 Ubuntu 是由一家名为Canonical的公司创建和维护的。它是专门为替代Windows和macOS等操作系统而创建的(macOS)Linux版本。
从其界面到标准软件，一切都面向普通用户。这也是Ubuntu成为世界上最受欢迎的桌面版Linux的原因之一。
我在哪里可以找到 Ubuntu Linux？
找到Ubuntu Linux非常容易。只需(Simply)前往Ubuntu网站并下载(download)您想要的版本。您无需支付任何费用，但随时欢迎捐款！
下载Ubuntu磁盘映像后，您可以创建安装媒体，例如可启动闪存驱动器，或者直接将映像刻录到DVD。
安装 Ubuntu Linux
安装Ubuntu的过程不是我们将在本文中介绍的过程，但我们建议您首先将其安装在虚拟机中(installing it in a virtual machine)，这样您就可以安全地自己尝试操作系统。
如果您感觉更有冒险精神，您甚至可以考虑双启动 Windows 10 和 Ubuntu(dual-booting Windows 10 and Ubuntu)。从现在开始，我们将假设您可以使用某种形式的Ubuntu。
开始使用 Ubuntu Linux
当您第一次登录Ubuntu时，您会被熟悉和陌生的事物所震撼。Ubuntu桌面被称为“ Unity”，它经过了漫长的完善过程才成为今天的样子。
屏幕的主要区域是桌面。这也反映了您的目录结构中的位置。您可以在此处存储文件，并会在此处看到外部驱动器等项目的图标。
在屏幕的左侧，我们有收藏夹栏。这本质上是 macOS 扩展坞的Ubuntu版本或(Ubuntu)Windows 10任务栏中的固定图标。默认情况下，您会在那里看到如图所示的图标，但右键单击菜单可让您立即删除不需要的图标。只需右键单击这些图标中的任何一个，然后单击从收藏夹中删除(Remove from Favorites)
左下角的网格图标将打开所有已安装的应用程序。这就像Windows中的“(Windows)开始(Start)”按钮或Android(Android.You)中的应用程序抽屉。您可以右键单击其中任何一个，然后单击“添加到收藏夹(Add to Favorites )”，之后它们将出现在收藏夹栏。
屏幕顶部栏可让您访问常用系统功能。单击(Click)通知部分以访问音量控制、设置快捷方式、网络设置和电源选项。
管理员权限
对计算机具有完全控制权的主要用户帐户称为“root”。如果你有 root 权限，你就是机器的大老板。这意味着你也可以完全把事情搞得一团糟，所以Ubuntu（和一般的Linux）小心地将普通用户的需求与根级别的需求分开。
每当您尝试进行属于这些更严重功能的更改时，您都必须输入管理员密码。这意味着任何其他可以访问机器的人只能制造非常有限的恶作剧。它可以帮助您在对系统进行可能有害的更改之前三思而后行。
航站楼速成班
终端(Terminal)是一个基于文本的命令行界面，几乎是Linux的代名词。虽然其他所有操作系统都有某种形式的命令行界面，但很长一段时间以来，如果不广泛使用终端，您就(without )无法成为(Terminal)Linux用户。
Ubuntu是不同的。由于Canonical和Ubuntu社区努力使操作系统尽可能地方便用户使用，大多数用户根本不需要接触终端。(Terminal)但是，如果您愿意，您可以使用Terminal(Terminal)做任何事情。
通常，在终端(Terminal)中工作比图形界面更快、更精确。终端命令比任何人都可以记住的多，但有一些每个人都应该知道：
- Sudo –将任何后续命令提升到管理员级别
- Apt-get – 这允许您从软件数据库安装、更新或卸载软件
- cd - 更改当前工作目录
- ls - 列出当前目录中的所有文件和文件夹
- Pwd - 显示完整的当前目录路径
- cp - 将文件从源复制到目标
- mv - 将文件从源移动到目标
- Rm – 删除文件或目录。小心这个！
- mkdir - 创建一个新目录
- Man – 显示手册页。尝试“man intro”来查看Linux命令的介绍
作为初学者，您不必使用终端，但建议您了解基础知识。
安装 Ubuntu 应用程序
在您的Ubuntu(Ubuntu)副本上安装软件有两种主要方法。最简单的方法是使用简单命名为“ Ubuntu(Ubuntu) Software”的内置软件商店。这与存储在其他系统（例如Android上的(Android)Google Play）上的应用程序的工作方式几乎相同。
绝大多数Ubuntu应用程序都是免费(Free)和开源(Open Source)( FOSS )，但当然也有付费应用程序。
安装应用程序的另一种主要方法是下载自安装包。这些通常是 .deb 文件，适用于Linux的所有 Debian 变体，包括Ubuntu。然后是PPA或“个人包裹档案”。使用Ubuntu 软件(Ubuntu Software)，您可以在下载后从本地驱动器添加PPA，然后像在店面中的任何其他应用程序一样安装它。
编译软件
有时，您想要的程序不在店面中，也无法作为安装程序包找到。相反，您只需将程序代码和组件压缩到“tarball”文件中。这是Linux中一种流行的压缩文件类型。
为了在您的系统上安装软件，您需要“编译”它。信不信由你，最简单的方法是使用命令行。Ubuntu的官方编译指南(official compilation guide for Ubuntu)将此列为四步过程：
- 下载并安装“build-essentials”包（第一次）
- 下载(Download)并解压压缩文件
- 解决(Resolve)软件的任何依赖关系
- 编译并安装软件
软件编译在(Software)Linux中并不是真正的“初学者”级过程，但好消息是绝大多数用户不太可能寻找不在数字店面中或作为自安装包提供的软件。
它比看起来更容易！
Linux 以困难着称的名声在这一点上是它遥远的过去的一部分。尤其是涉及到Ubuntu时。一旦你了解了它的特性，使用Ubuntu并不比使用Windows或 macOS 难。另外，它是免费的！您可以立即尝试，它可能会成为您最喜欢的新操作系统！
A Beginner’s Ubuntu Linux Guide
Most computers in the world run on ѕome version of Microsoft Windows. It’s by far the moѕt populаr desktop operating system in the world, but when we move to non-desktop systems sυch as the servers that keep the іnternet running, things look very different.
You’re more likely to find some version of Linux running on these machines. Ubuntu Linux is a desktop version of this reliable and powerful operating system and, depending on your needs, could be the perfect desktop operating system for you. If you find the idea of Ubuntu intriguing, then this beginner’s Ubuntu Linux guide is a great place to start.
What Is Ubuntu Linux?
Ubuntu Linux is one distribution or “distro” of Linux. Linux is an open source operating system that’s maintained by a community of regular people and foundations sponsored by bigger industry players.
Ubuntu in particular is created and maintained by a company called Canonical. It’s a version of Linux created specifically to be an alternative to operating systems like Windows and macOS.
Everything from its interface to its standard software is geared towards regular users. This is one of the reasons that Ubuntu has become the most popular desktop version of Linux in the world.
Where Can I Find Ubuntu Linux?
Finding Ubuntu Linux is pretty easy. Simply head on over to the Ubuntu website and download the version you want. You don’t have to pay anything, but a donation is always welcome!
Once you’ve downloaded the Ubuntu disk image, you can create installation media such as a bootable flash drive or simply burn the image to a DVD.
Installing Ubuntu Linux
The process of installing Ubuntu isn’t one we’ll be covering in this article, but we do recommend that you start off by installing it in a virtual machine so you can safely try the operating system for yourself.
If you’re feeling a bit more adventurous, you could even consider dual-booting Windows 10 and Ubuntu. From here on out, we’ll assume that you have some form of Ubuntu to play with.
Getting Started With Ubuntu Linux
When you first log into Ubuntu, you’ll be struck by both the familiar and the unfamiliar. The Ubuntu desktop is known as “Unity” and it’s gone through a long process of refinement to become what it is today.
The main area of the screen is the desktop. This also reflects a location in your directory structure. You can store files here and will see icons for items such as external drives pop up here.
On the left side of the screen we have the favorites bar. This is essentially the Ubuntu version of the macOS dock or pinned icons in the Windows 10 taskbar. By default you’ll see the pictured icons there, but the right-click menu lets you immediately take away the ones you don’t need. Simply right-click on any of these icons and then click Remove from Favorites
The grid icon at the bottom left will open up all installed applications.This is like the Start button in Windows or the app drawer in Android.You can right click on any of these and then clickAdd to Favorites after which they’ll appear on the favorites bar.
The top bar of the screen gives you access to common system functions. Click on the notification section to get access to the volume controls, settings shortcut, network settings and power options.
Administrator Privileges
The main user account that has complete control over the computer is known as “root”. If you have root privileges, you’re the big boss of the machine. This means that you can also completely make a mess of things, so Ubuntu (and Linux in general) is careful to separate normal user needs from root level ones.
Whenever you try to make a change that falls under these more serious functions, you’ll have to enter the administrator password.This means that anyone else who gets access to the machine can only create a very limited amount of mischief. It helps you think twice before making potentially harmful changes to the system.
A Crash Course In The Terminal
The Terminal is a text-based command-line interface that’s almost synonymous with Linux. While every other operating system has some form of command line interface, for a long time you couldn’t be a Linux user without making extensive use of the Terminal.
Ubuntu is different. Most users will never have to touch the Terminal at all, thanks to efforts by Canonical and the Ubuntu community to make the operating system as user-friendly as possible. However, if you want to you can do just about anything with the Terminal.
Often, working within the Terminal is faster and more precise than the graphical interface. There are more terminal commands than anyone can memorize, but there are a few everyone should know:
- Sudo – elevates any subsequent command to administrator level
- Apt-get – this allows you to install, update or uninstall software from the software database
- Cd – change the current working directory
- Ls – lists all files and folders in the current directory
- Pwd – shows the full current directory path
- Cp – copy a file from source to destination
- Mv – move a file from source to destination
- Rm – remove a file or directory. Be careful with this one!
- Mkdir – make a new directory
- Man – shows a manual page. Try “man intro” to see an intro to Linux commands
As a beginner, you don’t have to use the terminal, but a working knowledge of the basics is advised.
Installing Ubuntu Applications
There are two main ways to install software on your copy of Ubuntu. The easiest way is to use the built-in software store simply named “Ubuntu Software”. This works pretty much the same way as apps stored on other systems such as Google Play on Android.
The vast majority of applications for Ubuntu are Free and Open Source (FOSS), but of course there are paid applications as well.
The other main way to install applications is to download a self-installing package. These are usually either .deb files, which work on all Debian variants of Linux, including Ubuntu. Then there’s the PPA or “Personal Package Archive”. Using Ubuntu Software, you can add a PPA from your local drive after downloading it and then install it like any other application on the storefront.
Compiling Software
Sometimes a program you want isn’t in the storefront and can’t be found as an installer package. Instead, you’ll just get the program code and components zipped up in a “tarball” file. This is a popular type of compressed file in Linux.
In order to get the software installed on your system, you need to “compile” it. Believe it or not, the easiest way to do this is by using the command line. The official compilation guide for Ubuntu lists this as a four-step process:
- Download and install the “build-essentials” package (the first time)
- Download and extract the compressed file
- Resolve any dependencies for the software
- Compile and install the software
Software compilation isn’t really a “beginner” level process in Linux, but the good news is that the vast majority of users are unlikely to be looking for software that isn’t in the digital storefront or available as a self-installation package.
It’s Easier Than it Looks!
Linux’s reputation for being difficult is a part of it’s distant past at this point. Especially when it comes to Ubuntu. Using Ubuntu, once you learn its idiosyncrasies, is no harder than using Windows or macOS. Plus, it’s free! You can try it right now, and it might turn out to be your new favorite operating system!
