您可能听说过版权法规定数据所有权归创建数据的人所有。在这种情况下，数据指的是知识产权。但是相同的定义是否可以应用于所有连接到互联网(Internet)的智能设备？数据(Data)在处理之前和之后经过许多事情。那么究竟谁拥有机器生成的物联网(IoT)数据呢？让我们来看看。
谁拥有物联网数据
最终用户是否拥有您使用的智能设备收集的物联网数据？(IoT)还是创建单板的公司对数据拥有权利？单板上的操作系统是否告诉您他们将拥有通过该智能设备传递的数据（在他们的“条款和条件”中）板制造商是否拥有它？可以声称拥有智能设备收集的数据的人包括对智能设备进行编程的软件开发人员。这令人困惑，而且目前还没有关于谁拥有物联网(IoT)数据的明确指导方针。
最终用户(The End-User)
这是使用不同智能设备的人。由于它们是智能设备，它们都连接到互联网(Internet)。最终用户可以使用智能手机上的相关应用程序或直接通过智能设备上的按键来访问这些设备。
网络上几乎所有的数据都是由最终用户创建的。如果我们将版权法应用于这一切，最终用户将是物联网(IoT)数据的所有者。不幸的是，版权法尚未考虑智能设备的数据。在撰写本文时（2019 年9 月 29日），(September 29)物联网(IoT)设备还没有相关法律。
欧盟(European Union)有一些法律可以从其GDPR中提取。这些法律强调数据使用和管理的透明度。它要求最终用户应了解他们的数据将如何使用、所有数据存储的内容以及由谁存储。这很棘手，因为人们在没有阅读它们的情况下点击通常的条款和条件。(Conditions)该条款和条件(Conditions)页面可能包含最终用户放弃他/她对数据的权利并将其转移给软件开发人员的条款。
如果智能设备具有屏幕/显示器，用户可以研究使用设备的条款和条件。大多数智能设备没有显示器，因此很难解释数据所有权。在这种情况下，与智能设备相关的手册可以包含有关数据所有权的信息。然而，这需要时间，因为人们仍然不会为谁拥有物联网(IoT)数据而烦恼！
智能设备制造商(Smart Device Manufacturers)
制造智能设备（当事情发生时可以采取某些行动的单板微型计算机）的实体也是设备获取数据的竞争者。他们创造了微型计算机，因此他们对数据的要求。但是，将自己的权利（最终用户）让给其他人（制造商）是不可行的，因为我们不知道数据将存储在哪里以及将如何使用。但是，如果硬件制造商在甚至不要求此类许可的情况下就对数据提出要求，最终用户将无能为力。
它们包含跟踪器，可以绕过用户的同意和不同意来收集数据。数据随后被发送给附属于智能设备制造商的第三方
Software/App Developers
为智能设备创建应用程序的团队也可以要求他们收集数据的权利。这些人会要求您允许将有关应用程序使用情况的信息发送到他们的服务器/数据中心。T&C（条款和条件）可能很棘手，当您同意 T&C 时，您可能会在不知不觉中放弃您的数据权利。单板计算机上的应用程序经历了很多事情。从以原始形式提供的数据到语音命令，您的智能设备了解很多关于您的信息。他们可以跟踪您的习惯：如果处理得当，这些数据会大赚一笔。
有一个案例是三星智能电视会监听它附近发生的所有对话。经过一番强烈反对后，三星(Samsung)澄清了你不应该在智能(Smart)电视附近谈论什么。
这是三星(Samsung)在这个问题上的说法。
“If you enable Voice Recognition, you can interact with your Smart TV using your voice. To provide you the Voice Recognition feature, some voice commands may be transmitted (along with information about your device, including device identifiers) to a third-party service that converts speech to text or to the extent necessary to provide the Voice Recognition features to you.
In addition, Samsung may collect and your device may capture voice commands and associated texts so that we can provide you with Voice Recognition features and evaluate and improve the features.
Please be aware that if your spoken words include personal or other sensitive information, that information will be among the data captured and transmitted to a third party through your use of Voice Recognition”
在上述说明中，三星(Samsung)指定了一个第三方，它可能是托管在地球上任何地方的数据中心。第三方也可以是云服务提供商，问同样的老问题“谁拥有物联网数据(who owns IoT data)？”
必须做很多工作来标准化数据权利。理想情况下，它应该是最终用户（在我看来），但硬件和软件开发人员都要求收集您的数据的权利，“以便他们可以改进他们的服务(so that they can improve their services)”。
Who owns IoT Data? Manufacturer, End User, or some third party?
You might have heard of the copyright law that states data ownership goeѕ to the person who created the data. In this case, data refers to іntеllectual propertіes. But can the same definition be applied to smart devices all connected to the Internet? Data mоves through many things before and after іt is proсessed. So exactly who owns the machine-genеrated IoT data? Let’s take a look.
Who owns IoT Data
Does the end-user own the IoT data collected by smart devices that you use? Or does the company that created the single board has rights over the data? Does the operating system on the single board tell you that they’ll own the data passing through that smart device (In their “Terms and Conditions”) Does the board manufacturer own it? Among others who can lay claim to data collected by smart devices are the software developers who program the smart devices. This is confusing and as yet, has no clear guidelines as to who owns IoT data.
The End-User
This is the person using different smart devices. Since they are smart devices, they are all connected to the Internet. End-users can access these devices using the related app on their smartphones or directly by punching keys on smart devices.
Almost all of the data on a network is created by the end-user. If we applied the copyright law to all this, the end-user would be the IoT data owner. Unfortunately, copyright law does not yet consider smart devices’ data. There are no laws for the IoT devices at the time of writing this article (September 29, 2019).
There are some laws in the European Union that can be extracted from their GDPR. These laws stress for transparency in data usage and curation. It requires that the end-users should be informed how their data will be used, what all data was being stored, and by whom. It is tricky because of the usual Terms and Conditions that people click on without even reading them. That Terms and Conditions page may contain a clause that the end-user is giving up his/her rights to data and is transferring the same to the software developer.
If the smart device has a screen/display, the users can study the terms and conditions of using a device. Most smart devices do not come with a display, so it is hard to explain the data ownership. In such cases, the manual related to the smart device can include information regarding data ownership. This will take time, however, as people are still not bothered by who owns IoT data!
Smart Device Manufacturers
Entities that manufacture smart devices (single board micro-computers that can take certain actions when something happens) are also contenders for data obtained by the devices. They have created the micro-computers and hence their claim to the data. However, it is not feasible to give away one’s rights (end users) to someone else (the manufacturers) as we don’t know where the data will be stored and how will it be used. But there is not much an end-user can do if the hardware makers stake their claim to data without even asking for such permissions.
They contain trackers that bypass the consent and disagreement of users to collect data anyway. The data is later sent to third parties affiliated with the smart device manufacturers
Software/App Developers
The teams creating apps for smart devices can also claim their right to data collection. These are the people who’d ask you for permission to send information about the app usage to their servers/datacenters. The T&C (terms and conditions) could be tricky, and you may unknowingly, give up your data rights when you agree to the T&C. The apps on your single-board computer go through many things. From data being supplied in raw form to voice commands, there is a lot much that your smart devices know about you. They can keep track of your habits: data that would fetch a fortune if done correctly.
There was this case of Samsung Smart TVs listening to all conversations that happened near it. After a lot of backlash, Samsung clarified what you should not talk near the Smart TV.
Here is what Samsung said on the issue.
“If you enable Voice Recognition, you can interact with your Smart TV using your voice. To provide you the Voice Recognition feature, some voice commands may be transmitted (along with information about your device, including device identifiers) to a third-party service that converts speech to text or to the extent necessary to provide the Voice Recognition features to you.
In addition, Samsung may collect and your device may capture voice commands and associated texts so that we can provide you with Voice Recognition features and evaluate and improve the features.
Please be aware that if your spoken words include personal or other sensitive information, that information will be among the data captured and transmitted to a third party through your use of Voice Recognition”
In the above clarification, Samsung names a third party that could be a data center hosted anywhere on the planet. A third party can also be a cloud service provider asking the same old question “who owns IoT data?”
A lot has to be done to standardize the data rights. Ideally, it should be the end-user (in my opinion), but both hardware and software developers ask for rights to collect your data “so that they can improve their services“.
