互联网(Internet)被称为人类历史上最重要的发明。我们仍处于这个全球计算机网络(computer network)的早期阶段，但它已经改变了我们工作和生活的一切。
如果不是互联网(Internet)，你现在可能不会阅读这篇文章。但是，您对互联网(Internet)的发明时间了解多少？即使你已经大到可以经历这一切，这个惊人的故事(story wasn)在当时并不为人所知。
因此，让我们来看看这个奇妙发明的发展过程，并在此过程中发现一些惊人的事实。
互联网被“发明”为一项军事项目 (The Internet Was “Invented” as a Military Project )
尽管人们认为互联网是给他们带来模因和Netflix的东西，但它的发明是出于极其严重的原因——核战争的威胁。令人担心的是，一颗炸弹可能会切断全国的通讯。因此，即使大部分功能被禁用也能继续工作的系统是一个相当高的优先级。
一位名叫JCR的科学家。为MIT 和 ARPA(MIT and ARPA)（现称为DARPA ）工作的(DARPA)Licklider提出了一个“银河网络”的想法，即使其中大部分被摧毁，它也可以继续工作。ARPA非常喜欢这个想法！因此，您可以首先感谢他们让整个互联网球(internet ball)滚滚而来。
互联网上的信息以包的形式出现(Information On The Internet Comes In Packets)
当您观看Netflix 视频(Netflix video)或发送电子邮件时，所有这些信息都会被分解成大量微小的信息包。它们各自通过构成互联网的蜘蛛网独立发送，然后在另一端重新组合，以便接收者能够理解消息。
这是互联网运作方式的基本组成部分，也是它能够承受破坏的原因。如果一些数据包没有成功，它们可以再次发送。如果通过网络的一条路径被阻塞，数据包只会通过另一台路由器。
这种方法被称为“分组交换(packet switching)”。它是在 1965 年发明的，距离 Licklider 提出他的Galaxy Network 想法(Galaxy Network idea)仅三年。然而，该网络最终被命名为“ARPANET”，而数据包交换(packet switching)使之成为可能。
第一条互联网消息是“LO”(The First Internet Message Was “LO”)
洛？为什么这是通过ARPANET发送的第一条消息？实际上(Well) ，(actually, )该消息的意思是“LOGIN”，但只有前两个字母才能到达接收计算机(receiving computer)。
这两封具有历史意义的信件于1969 年 10 月29日从(October)加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)前往斯坦福大学。就在(Stanford)尼尔·阿姆斯特朗(Neil Armstrong)踏上月球(Moon)几个月后。
1969 年，互联网仅由 4 台计算机组成(In 1969 The Internet Consisted Of Just 4 Computers)
确实，ARPANET只有四台相互连接的计算机。今天，地球上大约有一半的人可以访问互联网，每人有超过一台设备连接到这个全球网络。我们已经走了很长一段路。
“Internet”是“Internetwork”的缩写(“Internet” Is Short For “Internetwork”)
好吧，阿帕(ARPANET wasn)网还不是真正的互联网。“internet”一词是“internetwork”的缩写。换句话说，互联网只是网络的网络。
其他想参加聚会的人很快就加入了最初的少数电脑。问题是没有人真正知道如何同时处理来自这么多潜在计算机的流量。数据包交换(Packet switching)是正确的方法，但交换数据包的方法不止一种。
这是世界上最严重的交通拥堵(toughest traffic jam)，那么它是如何解决的呢？
互联网有自己的“语言”(The Internet Has Its Own “Language”)
为了解决这个问题，另一位名叫Vinton Cerf的聪明科学家想出了一个协议，他富有想象力地命名为传输控制协议(Transmission Control Protocol)。这基本上就像互联网(language internet)设备用来相互交谈的语言。
Cerf 尚未完成，并将(Cerf wasn)TCP与IP或Internet 协议(internet protocol)配对。这(Which)就是为什么你经常听到“ (term “)TCP/IP ”这个词。
结合起来，这两个协议规定了互联网用于在世界各地发送数据包的规则。它非常聪明，如果没有它，互联网(internet wouldn)大小的东西就无法管理。
万维网于 1991 年发明(The Web Was Invented In 1991)
你(Did)知道你现在在“网络”上吗？整个世界第一次通过万维网(World Wide Web)与互联网接触。那是过去在网站地址开头的“WWW”。
网络(Web)创建了一个持久的信息资源(information resource)，托管在称为“服务器”的计算机上，这些计算机永久保持连接。突然间，互联网从科学家和其他从事重要工作的人共享信息(share information)的方式变成了每个人(system everyone)都会发现有用的系统。
网络(Web)是由一位名叫蒂姆·伯纳斯-李(Tim Berners-Lee)的物理学家发明的，他发明了构建网络的“超文本”语言(” language)，以帮助科学家分享他们的研究。如果您想访问(visit head)他的Twitter 帐户(Twitter account)。
实际上，对于我们其他人来说，那是伯纳斯-李(Berners-Lee)爵士(Sir )，因为即使是女王(Queen)也喜欢网络，足以(Web enough)给他封爵(knight him)。
网络和互联网是不同的东西(The Web & The Internet Are Different Things)
许多人将您访问网站的万维网与(World Wide Web)Internet本身混淆了。正如您现在从我们上面看到的那样知道，互联网早在网站出现之前就已经发明了。
网络实际上是一种在互联网上运行的应用程序。互联网本身就是所有计算机、网络硬件(network hardware)和连接互联网的设备作为一个整体。以及告诉他们如何相互交谈的协议。
还有很多其他的东西在互联网上运行。事实上，大多数在互联网上运行的东西根本不是网络。
Google 建立在一个简单的解决方案之上(Google Was Built On One Simple Solution)
虽然Web很棒，但在早期，在Web(web wasn)上查找内容并不容易。除非您知道(t anything)确切的网址，(web address)否则您必须使用搜索引擎(search engine)，但第一个搜索引擎(search engine)与Google 或 Bing(Google or Bing)不同。
那么是什么让谷歌(Google)如此特别？当时的搜索(Search)引擎基本上认为具有许多重复搜索词的网页是最相关和最重要的。这会导致很多非常糟糕的结果。
谷歌的第一个伟大发明是“PageRank”。创始人拉里佩奇和谢尔盖布林(Larry Page and Sergey Brin)发现，如果您根据链接到它们的其他页面的数量对页面进行排名，您通常会在列表顶部找到最重要和最相关的页面。
今天，谷歌(Google)已经将PageRank发展成更复杂的东西，但一个伟大的想法将它构建成今天的大型互联网公司。(internet company)
PageRank 以拉里·佩奇命名(PageRank Is Named After Larry Page)
PageRank对网页进行排名完全是巧合。它实际上是以谷歌联合创始人拉里佩奇(Google co-founder Larry Page)的名字命名的。
甚至冰箱和电视现在都可以使用互联网了(Even Fridges & TVs Can Use the Internet Now)
今天，互联网(internet isn)不仅仅被坐在电脑前的人使用。我们现在拥有了被称为物联网(Internet)(IoT)的东西。(Things)
这是一系列日常设备，例如汽车、厨房用具以及您能想到的任何内置互联网连接的设备。它们可以与彼此以及全世界共享信息(share information)，因此您的冰箱在开始运行时可以订购更多的牛奶低的。
物联网(IoT)仍处于早期阶段，但您的下一个设备可能会比您预期的更智能。
When Was The Internet Invented? 10 Facts You Probably Didn’t Know
Thе Internet has been called the most important invention in the history of mankind. We are still іn thе early days of this global computеr netwоrk, but it’s already changing everything about how we work and live.
If it wasn’t for the Internet, you probably wouldn’t be reading this right now. However, how much do you actually know about when the Internet was invented? Even if you’re old enough to have lived through it all, much of this amazing story wasn’t known at the time.
So let’s take a walk through the development of this fantastic invention and pick up some amazing facts along the way.
The Internet Was “Invented” as a Military Project
Although people think of the internet as the thing that brings them memes and Netflix, it was invented for extremely serious reasons – the threat of nuclear war. The worry was that a single bomb could cut off communications throughout the country. So a system that could keep working even if large parts of it were disabled was a pretty high priority.
A scientist named J.C.R. Licklider who worked for MIT and ARPA (now called DARPA) came up with an idea for a “Galactic Network” which could keep working even if large parts of it were destroyed. ARPA liked this idea very much! So you can thank them for getting the whole internet ball rolling in the first place.
Information On The Internet Comes In Packets
When you watch a Netflix video or send an email, all that information is broken up into a multitude of tiny info packets. These are each sent independently across the spider’s web that makes up the internet and then reassembled on the other end, so that the receiver can make sense of the message.
This is a fundamental part of how the internet works and it’s also why it can withstand disruption. If some packets don’t make it, they can be sent again. If one path through the network is blocked, the packets simply take another router.
This method is known as “packet switching”. It was invented in 1965, a mere three years after Licklider came up with his Galaxy Network idea. However, that network ended up being named “ARPANET” instead and packet switching made it possible.
The First Internet Message Was “LO”
LO? Why would that be the first message sent over ARPANET? Well actually, the message was meant to read “LOGIN”, but only the first two letters made it to the receiving computer.
Those two historic letters made the journey from UCLA to Stanford on 29 October, 1969. Just a few months after Neil Armstrong stepped foot on the Moon.
In 1969 The Internet Consisted Of Just 4 Computers
It’s true, ARPANET only had four computers connected to each other. Today, about half the people on the planet have internet access, with more than one device per person connecting to this global network. We’ve come a long way.
“Internet” Is Short For “Internetwork”
OK, ARPANET wasn’t really the internet yet. The word “internet” is short for “internetwork”. In other words, the internet is simply a network of networks.
Those first handful of computers were quickly joined by other people who wanted to get in on the party. The problem was that no one really knew how to handle the traffic from so many potential computers all at once. Packet switching was the right approach, but there’s more than one way to switch a packet.
It was the world’s toughest traffic jam, so how was it solved?
The Internet Has Its Own “Language”
To solve this problem, another brainy scientist by the name of Vinton Cerf came up with a protocol he imaginatively named the Transmission Control Protocol. This is basically like a language internet devices use to speak to each other.
Cerf wasn’t done and paired TCP with IP or internet protocol. Which is why you often hear the term “TCP/IP”.
Combined, these two protocols dictate the rules that the internet uses to send packets all over the world. It’s very clever and something the size of the internet wouldn’t be manageable without it.
The Web Was Invented In 1991
Did you know you’re on the “Web” right now? The world as a whole had its first contact with the internet through the World Wide Web. That’s the “WWW” that used to go at the start of website addresses.
The Web created a persistent information resource, hosted on computers called “servers” that stay connected permanently. Suddenly the internet went from a way for scientists and other people doing important work to share information, to a system everyone would find useful.
The Web was invented by a physicist called Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the “hypertext” language the web is built on, to help scientists share their research. If you want to give him a visit head over to his Twitter account.
Actually, that’s Sir Berners-Lee to the rest of us, since even the Queen liked the Web enough to knight him.
The Web & The Internet Are Different Things
Lots of people confuse the World Wide Web, where you visit websites, with the Internet itself. As you now know from what we’ve seen above, the internet was invented long before websites existed.
The web is actually one application that runs on the internet. The internet itself is all the computers, network hardware and internet-connected devices taken as a whole. Along with the protocols that tell them how to talk to each other.
There are plenty of other things that run over the internet as well. In fact, most things that run on the internet are not the web at all.
Google Was Built On One Simple Solution
While the Web is great, finding stuff on the web wasn’t very easy in the early days. Unless you knew the exact web address, you had to use a search engine, but the first search engines weren’t anything like Google or Bing.
So what made Google so special? Search engines at the time basically considered web pages that had many repeats of the search term as most relevant and important. That lead to lots of pretty awful results.
Google’s first great invention was “PageRank”. The founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, figured out that if you ranked pages according to how many other pages linked to them, you’d most often come up with the most important and relevant pages at the top of the list.
Today, Google has developed PageRank into something much more sophisticated, but that one big idea built it into the massive internet company it is today.
PageRank Is Named After Larry Page
It’s a total coincidence that PageRank ranks web pages. It’s actually named after Google co-founder Larry Page.
Even Fridges & TVs Can Use the Internet Now
Today, the internet isn’t just used by people sitting at computers. We now have something known as the Internet of Things (IoT).
This is a collection of everyday devices such as cars, kitchen appliances and anything else you can think of that have internet connections built in. They can share information with each other and the world, so your fridge can order more milk when it starts to run low.
It’s still early days for IoT, but your next appliance might well come with more smarts than you expect.
