学习新事物既有趣又令人兴奋。只要您愿意稍微走出自己的舒适区，Linux就可以让您对作为操作系统的意义有了全新的认识。
一开始，进入Linux的前景似乎令人生畏。特别是对于那些大半生都在使用用户友好的Windows操作系统的人。然而，一旦您向Linux世界敞开心扉，它就会准备好用大量免费的开源软件欢迎您，您可以在任何个人计算机上使用这些软件。
你必须问自己的问题是“我为什么要进入Linux？” 如果您已经使用某种操作系统，例如Windows或Mac，真的有什么意义吗？
将其视为获得新技能。了解Linux为您的计算机知识箭筒增添了另一支箭。吸收更多关于一个主题的知识从来都不是一件坏事。还有一个不容忽视的事实，即Linux比大多数其他操作系统更安全。更不用说劳动力中仍然存在对UNIX/Linux
Linux 初学者简介(A Beginner’s Introduction to Linux)
有数百个活动的Linux发行版，以及数十种不同的桌面环境可用于运行它们。Linux的工作方式与Windows和Mac不同，包括从软件安装到硬件驱动程序的所有内容 。
在开始使用Linux(Linux)之前了解每一个关于 Linux 的小道消息是没有必要的，但如果不涉及一些从长远来看可能对您有所帮助的关键事项，它就不是初学者指南。第一个是“什么是内核？”
Linux内核(Linux Kernel)
所有操作系统都有一个内核。操作系统的内核是一个必不可少的核心组件，它为操作系统中的一切提供基本服务。
在Linux中，内核是一个单一的、类似 UNIX 的(UNIX-like)系统，它恰好是世界上最大的开源项目。简而言之，内核是整个操作系统跳动的心脏。
不要放弃您当前的操作系统(Don’t Ditch Your Current OS)
您不必为了在您的机器上运行Linux而摆脱(Linux)Windows或MacOS 。一些Linux发行版将允许您通过USB驱动器或在双引导系统(dual-boot system)上进行安装，从而为您提供足够的使用灵活性。
这意味着Linux和您的日常操作系统可以在同一台机器上并存。
开源(Open Source)
就Linux而言，开源本质上意味着可以免费替代Windows和MacOS等操作系统。这也意味着用户可以自由地更改和重新分发操作系统作为他们自己的发行版。
Linux将使您避免上述两种操作系统几乎每天都会面临的大多数常见干扰、弱点和漏洞。
Linux 外壳(Linux Shell)
shell 基本上是Linux的用户界面。您将命令输入到 shell 中，然后它执行这些命令，与Linux操作系统进行通信。
Linux shell 可以使用许多不同的命令语言，最著名的是BASH(A)或(BASH)Bourne A gain(B) SH ell(SH)。每种语言通常都有自己的语法，因此，作为初学者，最好选择一种并坚持使用。
避免使用GUI（图形用户界面）并选择使用命令行对您也是有益的。这将使您更熟悉Linux的内部工作原理，并提供额外的技能来帮助您更进一步。
选择分布(Choosing a Distribution)
选择适合您的需求和标准的发行版是您进入Linux(Linux)世界的第一步。与Windows和MacOS不同，实际上有数千种不同的发行版可供选择。
Linux 发行版将采用Linux内核并将其与其他软件相结合，以创建一个完整的、可运行的操作系统。添加的软件可以有很大的不同——Web 浏览器、桌面环境、GNU核心实用程序等等。
DistroWatch深入介绍了更受欢迎的选择，这是发现适合该工作的分发的好地方。
对于具有Windows背景的人来说，Ubuntu将是一个不错的起点。Ubuntu努力消除Linux的许多粗糙边缘。然而，今天许多Linux用户开始更喜欢Linux Mint，它附带Cinnamon或MATE桌面——它们都比Ubuntu的Unity桌面更传统一些。
无论如何，您不必在开始时选择单一的最佳版本。只要坚持一个更受欢迎的选择，你就可以开始了。每个发行版都有自己的网站，因此您可以访问其中一个以下载您需要开始的ISO光盘映像。(ISO)
刻录 ISO 映像(Burning The ISO Image)
刻录映像不需要太多专业知识，实际上只需要在DVD或USB上做出决定。我们建议您使用USB选项，因为现在大多数笔记本电脑和台式机都已经淘汰了DVD驱动器。与DVD(DVD)驱动器相比， USB 3.0 驱动器也更通用、更方便，并提供更快的启动时间。
为了将图像刻录到USB，您需要一个专门的程序来使其工作。Rufus、UNetbootin或Universal USB Installer是Linux发行社区最推荐的。如果您选择Fedora作为您的第一个发行版，那么Fedora Media Writer是迄今为止最简单的方法。
启动 Linux(Booting Up Linux)
现在您已经获得了映像，是时候启动它了。将带有您选择的发行版的USB（或插入DVD ）插入计算机，然后重新启动它。(DVD)它应该直接启动，但如果没有，您可能需要更改BIOS或UEFI固件启动顺序。
现在大多数计算机都在运行UEFI，但您需要检查一下，以防万一。您通常可以在 Windows 启动之前通过按Del或F12键进入桌面的(F12)BIOS或UEFI 。
您也可能需要禁用安全启动(Secure Boot)才能在Windows 10计算机上启动Linux 。通常，更流行的发行版没有问题，但如果您选择了更晦涩的版本之一，则可能必须在启动之前完成。
很有可能您甚至不需要将Linux安装到您的计算机上。相反，大多数发行版都允许“实时”环境，这意味着您可以完全从映像引导设备运行Linux 。这对于初学者来说非常棒，因为您将开始使用用户界面和桌面来感受Linux提供的功能。
一旦您完成了一天的工作并希望离开实时Linux环境，您可以简单地重新启动计算机并移除映像设备。
安装 Linux 的原因(Reasons To Install Linux)
安装Linux(Linux)的主要原因是“实时”运行它意味着您在设置中配置的任何内容都已额外安装，并且您创建的文件将不会被维护。每当您从计算机中删除映像引导设备时，所有这些都会被删除。
安装Linux更方便。同时尝试使用其他发行版，直到找到最适合您的发行版并安装它。您可以选择删除当前操作系统并用Linux替换它，或者您可以创建更灵活的选择并使用双引导配置(dual-boot configuration)。
安装程序可以在“实时”环境中找到。
Linux 桌面(The Linux Desktop)
大多数Linux发行版都附带了已包含的Firefox Web 浏览器。其他已安装的应用程序可能会因发行版而异，但只需单击几下即可添加其他应用程序。
您可以期望您的桌面环境拥有所有标准的花里胡哨：应用程序菜单、某种任务栏或 Dock 以及系统托盘。不要害怕点击并弄乱一些事情 。(Don)
如果您对桌面所提供的功能不太感兴趣，几乎所有主要发行版都允许您在安装Linux后选择安装您选择的桌面。某些发行版针对特定桌面进行了优化，但根据您的需要对其进行更改对于Linux体验至关重要。只要您有必要的磁盘空间，您甚至可以选择多个桌面。
如果您需要有关配置的帮助，主要的分发站点将提供大量文档，可以轻松地让您走上正确的道路。变化太多，无法在此处列出。
安装附加软件(Installing Additional Software)
您可以在您选择的Linux(Linux)发行版上安装其他软件，而无需安装Linux。需要担心的主要事情是Linux上的软件安装与(Linux)Windows上的软件安装有很大不同。
无需打开网络浏览器并继续寻找特定的下载。相反，您需要在Linux系统上找到软件安装程序才能进行添加。
例如，如果您选择了Ubuntu或Fedora，您将能够使用 GNOME 的软件商店应用程序安装该软件。它实际上被命名为软件(Software)，所以应该不难找到。
软件管理器提供专门设计用于与您选择的Linux发行版配合使用的软件存储库。该软件已经过测试并由Linux发行版提供给您。可以把它想象成一个应用商店，里面装满了可供选择的免费开源软件。只要(Just)知道当您想到Google Play和 Apple 的App Store时，Linux就是先行者。
如果您在软件管理器中找不到您想要的应用程序，您可能不得不跳出Linux分发包，直接从官方网站获取该应用程序。
驱动安装(Driver Installation)
大多数所需的硬件驱动程序都内置在Linux上。您可能会想到的唯一闭源驱动程序是那些用于优化图形性能（AMD、Nvidia）和 Wi-Fi 驱动程序的驱动程序。这些不是必需品，Linux中包含的所有内容都应该足够了。
一些发行版如Ubuntu和Linux Mint将在必要时使用他们的硬件驱动工具来推荐驱动程序。然后还有其他发行版根本无法帮助您安装闭源驱动程序。如果您需要专门的驱动程序，请寻求您的发行版文档的帮助。
无论如何，Linux应该感觉非常接近于Windows体验，特别是如果您选择了带有GUI的，如Cinnamon或GNOME。您应该能够在Linux上找到所有您本来可以在Windows上使用的更流行的程序。
An Introduction to Linux for Beginners
Learning ѕomething new can be both fun and еxciting. As long as you’re willіng to step oυt from your cоmfort zone a little, Linux can offer you a wholе new take on what it means to be an operating system.
The prospect of getting into Linux may seem daunting at first. Especially for someone who has spent the bulk of their life using the ever so user-friendly Windows operating system. Yet, once you’ve opened yourself up to the world of Linux, it will be ready to welcome you with a host of free open-source software that you can use on any personal computer.
The question you’ve got to ask yourself is “Why should I get into Linux?” If you already use a certain operating system like Windows or Mac, is there really a point?
Think of it as gaining a new skill set. Learning about Linux adds another arrow to your computer knowledge quiver. Soaking up more knowledge on a subject is never really a bad thing. There’s also the unmitigated fact that Linux is more secure than most other operating systems. Not to mention that there is still a demand for UNIX/Linux users in the workforce.
A Beginner’s Introduction to Linux
There are hundreds of active Linux distributions, and dozens of different desktop environments available to run them on. Things in Linux work differently than the likes of Windows and Mac, including everything from software installation to hardware drivers.
Understanding every little tidbit about Linux prior to jumping into using it is not necessary, but it wouldn’t be a beginner’s guide without touching on a few key things that may help you in the long run. The first of those being “What is a kernel?”
Linux Kernel
All operating systems have a kernel. The kernel of an operating system is an essential core component that provides basic services for everything within the operating system.
With Linux, the kernel is a monolithic, UNIX-like system which just so happens to be the largest open source project in the world. Put simply, a kernel is the beating heart of the entire operating system.
Don’t Ditch Your Current OS
You don’t have to get rid of Windows or MacOS in order to run Linux on your machine. Some Linux distributions will allow you to install via USB drive or on a dual-boot system providing you plenty of flexibility in its use.
This means that both Linux and your day-to-day operating system can co-exist side by side on the same machine.
Open Source
In the case of Linux, open-source essentially means a free alternative to the operating systems such as Windows and MacOS. It also means that users are free to alter and re-distribute the operating system as their own distribution.
Linux will allow you to avoid most of the usual distractions, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities that both aforementioned operating systems tend to face almost daily.
Linux Shell
The shell is basically a user interface for Linux. You input commands into the shell and then it executes those commands, communicating with the Linux operating system.
The Linux shell can use a host of varying command languages, the most well-known being BASH or Bourne Again SHell. Each language will generally have its own syntax so, as a beginner, it would be best to choose one and stick with it.
It would also be beneficial to you to avoid using a GUI (graphical user interface) and opt to instead utilize the command line. This will get you more familiar with the inner workings of Linux and provide additional skills that could help you further down the line.
Choosing a Distribution
Selecting the distribution that fits your needs and criteria is the first step on your journey into the world of Linux. Unlike with Windows and MacOS, there are quite literally thousands of different distributions from which to choose.
A linux distribution will take the Linux kernel and combine it with other software in order to create a complete, functioning operating system. The software added can vary greatly – web browsers, desktop environments, GNU core utilities, and much more.
The more popular choices are covered in-depth on DistroWatch, which is a great place to discover the right distribution for the job.
For someone with a Windows background, Ubuntu would be a fine place to start. Ubuntu strives to eliminate many of Linux’s rougher edges. However, today many Linux users have begun to prefer Linux Mint, which ships with either the Cinnamon or MATE desktops – which are both a bit more traditional than Ubuntu’s Unity desktop.
Regardless, you don’t have to choose the single best version when starting out. Just stick to one of the more popular choices and you should be good to go. Each distribution will have its own website so you can head over to one of them in order to download the ISO disc image you’ll need to get started.
Burning The ISO Image
Burning the image doesn’t take much know-how and really only requires a decision be made on either DVD or USB. We recommend you take the USB option as most laptops and desktops nowadays have done away with DVD drives. A USB 3.0 drive is also more versatile, convenient, and provides a faster boot time than the likes of a DVD drive.
In order to burn an image to USB, you’ll need a specialized program to make it work. Rufus, UNetbootin, or Universal USB Installer are those most recommended from the Linux distribution community. If you’ve chosen Fedora as your first distribution, the Fedora Media Writer is by far the easiest way to go.
Booting Up Linux
Now that you’ve got the image, it’s time to boot it up. Plug your USB (or insert the DVD) with the distribution that you chose into your computer, and restart it. It should boot up directly, but if it doesn’t, you may need to change your BIOS or UEFI firmware boot order.
Most computers are running UEFI nowadays but you’ll want to check, just in case. You can usually enter your desktop’s BIOS or UEFI by hitting either the Del or F12 key prior to Windows booting up.
It’s also possible that you may need to disable Secure Boot in order to boot Linux on a Windows 10 computer. Normally, the more popular distributions don’t have an issue but if you have chosen one of the more obscure versions, it may have to be done prior to booting.
Chances are good that you won’t even need to install Linux onto your computer. Instead, most distributions allow for a “live” environment meaning you can run Linux entirely from your image boot device. This is great for beginners as you’ll get to play around with the user interface and desktop to get a feel for what Linux offers.
Once you’ve had your fill for the day and wish to leave the live Linux environment, you can simply reboot your computer and remove the imaged device.
Reasons To Install Linux
The primary reasons to install Linux is that running it “live” means that anything you configure in the settings, have installed additionally, and files you have created will not be maintained. Any time you remove the imaged boot device from your computer, all of that is erased.
Installing Linux is simply more convenient. Play around with other distributions in the meantime until you find the one that best suits you, and install it. You can choose to remove your current operating system and replace it with Linux or you can create a more flexible choice and go with a dual-boot configuration.
The installer can be found within the “live” environment.
The Linux Desktop
The majority of Linux distributions ship with the Firefox web browser already included. The other installed applications will likely vary depending on the distribution but adding additional applications is only a few clicks away.
You can expect your desktop environment to have all of the standard bells and whistles: an application menu, some sort of taskbar or dock, and a system tray. Don’t be scared to click around and mess with a few things.
If you’re not overly thrilled with what the desktop has to offer, almost all major distributions allow you the option of installing the desktop of your choice once you’ve installed Linux. Some distributions are optimized for a particular desktop, but changing it to fit your needs is essential to the Linux experience. You can even have multiple desktops to choose from as long as you have the disk space necessary.
If you ever need help with configurations, the major distribution sites will have plenty of documentation that can easily get you on the right path. There are simply too many variations to list them here.
Installing Additional Software
You can install additional software onto your chosen Linux distribution without the need to install Linux. The major thing to worry about is that software installation on Linux works very differently from software installation on Windows.
There’s no need to pull up a web browser and go on a hunt for a specific download. Instead, you’ll need to locate the software installer on your Linux system in order to make additions.
For instance, if you’ve chosen Ubuntu or Fedora, you’ll be able to install the software using GNOME’s software store application. It’s literally been named Software so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.
A software manager provides software repositories specifically designed to work with your chosen Linux distribution. This software will have been tested and provided to you by the Linux distribution. Think of it like an app store that is full of free, open-source software from which to choose. Just know that when you think of Google Play and Apple’s App Store, Linux was doing it first.
If you can’t find the application you want in the software manager, you may have to go outside of the Linux distribution package, and get the app directly from the official site.
Driver Installation
Most of the hardware drivers required will be built in on Linux. The only closed-source drivers that come to mind you may wish to acquire are those to optimize graphical performance (AMD, Nvidia) and Wi-Fi drivers. These aren’t a necessity and everything included in Linux should be sufficient.
Some distributions like Ubuntu and Linux Mint will use their hardware driver tools to recommend drivers if necessary. Then there are other distributions which will not help you install close-source drivers at all. Should you need specialized drivers, seek the help of your distribution’s documentation.
Regardless, Linux should feel rather close to a Windows experience, especially if you’ve chosen one with a GUI like Cinnamon or GNOME. You should be able to find all of the more popular programs on Linux you would otherwise use on Windows.
