Windows 7、8(Windows 7)和 10 中的网络和共享中心是更重要和更有用的控制面板应用(Network and Sharing Center)程序(Control Panel)之一，可让您查看有关网络的信息并进行更改，从而影响您访问网络资源的方式。
不幸的是，大多数人从不乱搞网络设置，因为他们不了解一切意味着什么，并且害怕搞砸一些事情。但是，一旦您了解这些设置，您就可以自行解决问题、增加您的隐私，并快速设置多台计算机之间的文件和打印机(file and printer)共享。
在本文中，我将向您介绍网络和共享中心(Network and Sharing Center)的不同方面，并向您展示您可以定期使用的某些功能，以提高您的工作效率。
开通网络共享中心
第一步是打开网络和共享中心(Network and Sharing Center)。最快的方法是点击开始(Start)并输入network 和(network and). 这将立即在列表中显示该应用程序。
在所有版本的Windows中，该应用程序都位于控制面板(Control Panel)中。在Windows 7中，只需单击“开始(Start)”，“控制面板”就会列在“(Control Panel)开始”菜单(Start Menu)的右侧。在Windows 8.1和Windows 10中，只需右键单击开始菜单(Start Menu)并从列表中选择控制面板。( Control Panel)
在控制面板(Control Panel)中，您可以单击网络和 Internet(Network and Internet)类别，然后单击网络和共享中心( Network and Sharing Center)。如果您在图标视图中，只需直接单击网络和共享中心(Network and Sharing Center)。
专用或公共网络
打开网络和共享中心(Network and Sharing Center)时，您首先看到的是您当前与网络和Internet的连接。Windows 7 提供了更多信息以及更多选项。
在Windows 8和Windows 10中，他们通过删除几个项目并结合其他项目来清理界面。
在顶部，您会看到一个或多个活动网络(network or networks)、网络类型(network type)、访问类型、家庭组信息(HomeGroup info)和连接信息(connection info)。关于此信息，首先要了解的是网络类型(network type)，它直接列在网络名称的下方。
在上面的示例中，一个列出了家庭网络，另一个列出了(Home network)专用网络(Private network)。这非常重要，因为当您连接到私人网络或家庭网络(home network)时，有很多默认设置为信任的共享设置。这意味着其他人可以在网络上找到您的计算机，可能访问共享文件夹，从您的计算机流媒体等。
Windows 通常会尝试自动为您解决这个问题，以便当您连接到公共WiFi 网络(WiFi network)时，它将使用 公共(Public)配置文件而不是私有配置文件。有时，一旦您连接到网络， Windows会询问您是否要启用共享或查找设备，如果您说是，它会将网络设为私有。如果您选择否，它将使网络公开(network public)。
您还可以根据您想要的隐私类型手动将网络类型(network type)更改为公共或私有。(Public or Private)这可能很有用，例如，如果您正在拜访某人，并且您想确保在您连接到他们的网络时没有人可以访问您计算机上的任何数据。将网络类型(network type)更改为公共(Public)，没有人将能够在网络上发现您的计算机。
您可以阅读我关于如何为当前连接的网络在公共和私人之间切换的帖子。那么切换到底有什么作用呢？好吧(Well)，当您单击更改高级共享设置(Change advanced sharing settings)链接时，您可以看到所有不同的共享设置，我将在下面的下一节中详细说明。
在网络名称和网络类型(network name and network type)的右侧，您会看到HomeGroup和Connections。在HomeGroup(HomeGroup)旁边，您会看到一个链接，显示“可加入(Available to join)”或“准备好创建(Ready to create)”， 具体取决于网络上是否已存在家庭组。(HomeGroup)家庭组(HomeGroup)允许您在计算机之间轻松共享文件、打印机等。我会在下面的“高级共享设置”(Advanced Sharing Settings)部分详细讨论它。
在Connections(Connections)旁边，您可以单击WiFi 或 Ethernet 网络(WiFi or Ethernet network)的名称以调出当前连接的状态信息对话框(status info dialog)。在这里你可以看到你已经连接了多长时间，WiFi网络的信号质量，网络速度(network speed)等。如果有问题，你也可以禁用连接并诊断连接。
对于WiFi网络，此屏幕很有用，因为您可以单击无线属性(Wireless Properties)，然后单击安全(Security) 选项卡并查看(tab and view)WiFi 密码(WiFi password)。如果您忘记了WiFi 密码(WiFi password)，但仍有一台连接到网络的计算机，这将非常有用。
最后，如果您单击详细信息(Details)，您可以获得有关当前网络的更多信息，例如默认网关(Default Gateway)（路由器IP 地址(IP address)）、MAC 地址(MAC address)和计算机IP 地址(IP address)。
高级共享设置
高级共享设置对话框是管理计算机与网络其余部分通信方式的主要场所。在Windows 7中，您有两个配置文件：家庭或工作(Home or Work )和公共(Public)。一次只能激活一个配置文件。所有设置都是相同的，并在每个配置文件下重复。
在Windows 8和 10 中，您有三个配置文件：Private、Guest 或 Public(Guest or Public)和All Networks。基本上，它与Windows 7(Windows 7)中的设置相同，但更符合逻辑。让我们来看看各种设置：
网络发现(Network Discovery)- 默认情况下，此设置为专用网络打开，这意味着您的计算机可以被其他计算机看到，反之亦然(vice versa)。这实际上意味着当您打开Windows 资源管理器时，您可能会在“(Windows Explorer)网络位置(Network Locations)”下看到连接到您的网络的另一台计算机的名称。
文件和打印机共享(File and Printer Sharing)- 此设置将允许其他人访问您计算机上的共享文件夹和打印机。即使在专用网络上，我也总是将其关闭(Off)，除非我需要在特定情况下使用它。有很多次客人来到我家，连接到网络，然后可能浏览我的系统。只能查看共享文件夹，但您会惊讶于文件夹如何在您不知情的情况下共享。
家庭组连接(HomeGroup connections)——如果你真的需要共享文件和文件夹，你应该只设置一个家庭组，它更安全，更容易配置。如果您确实遇到了麻烦，请阅读我的家庭组故障排除指南。
如果您使用的是Windows 8或 Windows 10 ，现在展开所有网络( All Networks)。这里还有一些设置。
公用文件夹共享(Public Folder Sharing)——除非您特别需要与另一台计算机共享数据，否则我建议将其关闭。原因是很容易意外地将文件保存到这些公共共享文件夹中而没有意识到，然后网络上的任何人都可以访问这些文件夹。在您需要时非常有用的功能，但否则会带来很大的隐私风险(privacy risk)。
媒体流(Media Streaming)- 这是另一个选项，您应该保持禁用状态，直到您需要使用它。这基本上将您的计算机变成了DLNA 服务器(DLNA server)，以便您可以将音乐、电影和图片流式传输到网络上的其他设备，例如Xbox One等。启用后，它还会在您的防火墙中打开很多端口。
文件共享连接(File Sharing Connections)——这应该始终设置为使用 128 位加密( Use 128-bit encryption)，除非您需要与Windows 95、Windows 98 或Windows 2000计算机共享文件。
受密码保护的共享(Password Protected Sharing)——我强烈建议打开受密码保护的共享，因为它会强制用户输入您计算机上帐户的用户名和密码(username and password)才能访问任何数据。
设置新网络并解决问题(Setup New Network & Troubleshoot Problems)
我要讨论的下一部分是更改网络设置(Change your networking settings)下的部分。在Windows 10中，您可以设置新连接或解决问题(connection or troubleshoot problems)。
对于设置新连接，在Windows 8/10中您只有四个选项：连接到Internet、设置(Setup)新网络、手动连接到WiFi 网络或连接(WiFi network or connection)到VPN。请注意，在Windows 10(Windows 10)中不再可以创建 ad-hoc 网络。
如果单击疑难解答( Troubleshoot problems)，您将获得Internet、网络适配器(network adapter)、家庭组(HomeGroup)、共享文件夹(Shared Folder)、打印机(Printers)等的疑难解答链接列表。
这些不仅仅是故障排除指南，它们是运行和修复各种网络相关服务问题的实际程序。我发现Internet 连接(Internet Connections)和网络适配器( Network Adapter)故障排除修复程序是最有用的。
更改适配器设置
最后，让我们谈谈左侧的更改适配器设置链接。(Change adapter settings)您可能不会经常使用它，但在解决网络问题时它确实会派上用场。
在这里，您将看到计算机上所有网络适配器的列表。如果您有以太网端口和 WiFi 卡(Ethernet port and WiFi card)，您将看到列出的这两个项目。您可能还会看到其他网络适配器，但它们通常都是虚拟的，这意味着它们是由VPN 客户端(VPN client)或虚拟机程序(machine program)等软件应用程序(software application)创建的。
如果您遇到连接问题，只需右键单击适配器并选择诊断(Diagnose)即可。这通常会解决配置错误的网络适配器(network adapter)的任何问题。如果您右键单击并选择“属性(Properties)”，您可以将您的计算机配置为使用静态IP 地址，而不是从(IP address)DHCP 服务器(DHCP server)获取一个。
如前所述，这不是您需要经常做的事情，但了解故障排除是件好事。对于精通技术的人，您可以在此处修改许多其他高级设置，但本指南适用于新手。
希望本文能帮助您浏览网络和共享中心设置(Network & Sharing Center settings)，而不会感到不知所措。这是解决网络问题并通过禁用默认启用的许多自动共享来使您的计算机更安全的最简单方法。如果您有任何问题，请发表评论。享受！
Guide to Network and Sharing Center in Windows 7, 8, 10
The Network and Sharing Center in Windows 7, 8 and 10 is оne of the more important and useful Control Panel apps that lets you see information about your network and lеts you make changes that can affect how you access resources on the network.
Unfortunately, most people never mess around with network settings because they don’t understand what everything means and are afraid to mess something up. However, once you understand the settings, you can fix problems on your own, increase your privacy, and quickly setup file and printer sharing between multiple computers.
In this article, I’ll walk you through the different aspects of the Network and Sharing Center and show you certain features you can use on a regular basis to make yourself more productive.
Opening Network & Sharing Center
The first step is to open the Network and Sharing Center. The quickest way to get to it is by clicking on Start and typing in network and. This will instantly bring up the app in the list.
In all versions of Windows, the app is located in the Control Panel. In Windows 7, just click on Start and the Control Panel is listed on the right side of the Start Menu. In Windows 8.1 and Windows 10, just right-click on the Start Menu and choose Control Panel from the list.
In the Control Panel, you can click on the Network and Internet category and then click on Network and Sharing Center. If you are in icon view, just click directly on Network and Sharing Center.
Private or Public Network
The first thing you’ll see when you open the Network and Sharing Center is your current connection to the network and to the Internet. Windows 7 has a little bit more information and also a couple of more options.
In Windows 8 and Windows 10, they cleaned up the interface by getting rid of a couple of items and combining other items.
At the top, you’ll see the active network or networks, the network type, the type of access, HomeGroup info and the connection info. The first thing to understand about this info is the network type, which is listed directly below the name of the network.
In the above examples, one has Home network listed and the other has Private network listed. This is very important because when you are connected to a private or home network, there are a lot of sharing settings that are set by default to be trusting. This means others can find your computer on the network, possibly access shared folders, stream media from your computer, etc.
Windows will normally try to figure this out for you automatically so that when you connect to a public WiFi network, it will use the Public profile and not the private one. Sometimes, Windows will ask you if you want to enable sharing or find devices once you connect to a network and if you say yes, it will make the network private. If you choose no, it will make the network public.
You can also manually change the network type to Public or Private depending on what kind of privacy you want. This can be useful, for example, if you are visiting someone and you want to make sure no one can access any data on your computer while you are connected to their network. Change the network type to Public and no one will be able to discover your computer on the network.
You can read my post on how to switch between public and private for the currently connected network. So what exactly does switching do? Well, you can see all of the different sharing settings when you click on the Change advanced sharing settings link, which I explain in detail in the next section below.
To the right of the network name and network type, you’ll see HomeGroup and Connections. Next to HomeGroup, you’ll see a link that says Available to join or Ready to create depending on whether a HomeGroup already exists on the network or not. A HomeGroup allows you to easily share files, printers and more between computers. I talk more about it in the Advanced Sharing Settings section below.
Next to Connections, you can click on the name of the WiFi or Ethernet network to bring up the status info dialog for the current connection. Here you can see how long you have been connected, the signal quality for WiFi networks, the network speed, etc. You can also disable the connection and diagnose the connection if there is a problem.
For WiFi networks, this screen is useful because you can click on Wireless Properties and then click on the Security tab and view the WiFi password. This is really useful if you have forgotten the WiFi password, but still have a computer that is connected to the network.
Lastly, if you click on Details, you can get more info about the current network like the Default Gateway (router IP address), MAC address, and computer IP address.
Advanced Sharing Settings
The advanced sharing settings dialog is main place for managing how your computer communicates with the rest of the network. In Windows 7, you have two profiles: Home or Work and Public. Only one profile can be active at a time. All the settings are the same and repeated under each profile.
In Windows 8 and 10, you have three profiles: Private, Guest or Public and All Networks. Basically, it’s the same settings as in Windows 7, but just split up more logically. Let’s go through the various settings:
Network Discovery – This setting is turned on for private networks by default and it means that your computer can be seen by other computers and vice versa. What this means in practice is that when you open Windows Explorer, you might see the name of another computer connected to your network under Network Locations.
File and Printer Sharing – This setting will allow others to access shared folders and printers on your computer. I always turn this to Off even on private networks unless I need to use it in a specific situation. There are so many times when guests come over to my house, connect to the network and then could possibly browse my system. Only shared folders can be viewed, but you’d be surprised how folders can become shared without your knowledge.
HomeGroup connections – If you really do need to share files and folders, you should just setup a HomeGroup, which is more secure and a lot easier to configure. If you do run into trouble, just read my HomeGroup troubleshooting guide.
Now expand out All Networks if you are using Windows 8 or Windows 10. There are a couple of more settings here.
Public Folder Sharing – I recommend turning this off unless you specifically need to share data with another computer. The reason is that it’s very easy to accidentally save files into these publicly shared folders without realizing it, which will then be accessible by anyone on the network. A very useful feature when you need it, but a big privacy risk otherwise.
Media Streaming – This is another option you should keep disabled until you need to use it. This basically turns your computer into a DLNA server so that you can stream music, movies and pictures to other devices on the network like an Xbox One, etc. When enabled, it opens up quite a few ports in your firewall also.
File Sharing Connections – This should always be set to Use 128-bit encryption unless you need to share files with Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows 2000 computers.
Password Protected Sharing – I highly recommend turning on password protected sharing because it will force users to enter a username and password for an account on your computer in order to access any data.
Setup New Network & Troubleshoot Problems
The next part I want to talk about is the section under Change your networking settings. In Windows 10, you can either setup a new connection or troubleshoot problems.
For setting up a new connection, you only have four options in Windows 8/10: Connect to the Internet, Setup a new network, manually connect to a WiFi network or connection to a VPN. Note that creating an ad-hoc network is no longer possible in Windows 10.
If you click on Troubleshoot problems, you’ll get a list of troubleshooting links for the Internet, network adapter, HomeGroup, Shared Folder, Printers, etc.
These are not just troubleshooting guides, they are actual programs that run and fix issues with various networking related services. I have found the Internet Connections and Network Adapter troubleshooting fixes to be the most useful.
Change Adapter Settings
Lastly, let’s talk about the Change adapter settings link on the left-hand side. You probably won’t use this too often, but it does come in handy when troubleshooting network problems.
Here you will see a list of all the network adapters on your computer. If you have an Ethernet port and WiFi card, you’ll see both items listed. You might also see other network adapters, but they are usually always virtual, meaning they are created by a software application like a VPN client or virtual machine program.
If you’re having connection problems, you can simply right-click on the adapter and choose Diagnose. This will usually fix any problem with a misconfigured network adapter. If you right-click and choose Properties, you can configure your computer to use a static IP address rather than obtaining one from a DHCP server.
As mentioned, this is not something you’ll need to do often, but it’s good to know for troubleshooting purposes. For the technically savvy, there are a lot of other advanced settings you can modify here, but this guide is meant for newbies.
Hopefully, this article will help you navigate the Network & Sharing Center settings without feeling overwhelmed. It’s the easiest way to fix network problems and to make your computer more secure by disabling a lot of the automatic sharing enabled by default. If you have any questions, post a comment. Enjoy!
