IP 地址 192.168.0.1 是从 Web 浏览器访问和配置无线路由器的最常用地址。(routers)这是一个默认地址，因为特定的 IP 地址范围是为不同类型的网络保留的，而 192.168.0.1 是为家庭LAN等网络保留的。
这个 IP 地址的故事比你想象的要深刻，但在我们开始之前，我们将介绍什么是 IP 地址的基本知识。
IP 地址：快速版本
首先，192.168.0.1 是IP（互联网协议）地址(IP (internet protocol) address)的一个示例。互联网是一个庞大的计算机网络，可以路由数万亿和数万亿的数据位。这些数据包必须以有序的方式发送，这需要一套严格的规则。这组规则（或“协议”）称为TCP/IP。Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol的缩写。
TCP/IP将信息（例如JPEG或电子邮件）分解成小的统一数据包。这些包裹就像邮资信封。每一个都有目的地和始发地地址。每次数据包通过网络路由器时，它都会在途中发送，每跳一次就更接近最终目的地。
数字 192.168.0.1 是该地址格式的一个示例。简而言之，它是您的路由器在网络上的地址。具有该地址的任何数据包都直接进入路由器。
私有与公共 IP 地址
这就是棘手的地方。地址 192.168.0.1 是分配给您的路由器的两个地址之一。通过WiFi(WiFi)或以太网(Ethernet)连接到路由器的所有本地设备都会看到该地址，但路由器 IP 地址在路由器面向互联网的一侧完全不同。
这些是私有和公共 IP 地址。私有地址是您作为本地网络成员看到的地址，而公共地址是整个互联网看到的地址。
这意味着您家中的所有设备在互联网上共享相同的 IP 地址。这是您不希望任何人使用您的互联网连接的原因之一！毕竟，您的位置和身份与您的公共 IP 地址相关联。
您的Internet 服务提供商(Internet Service Provider)( ISP ) 分配公共 IP 地址，通常您无法控制它。每次您的互联网连接断开时，它可能会发生变化，或者，如果您为特权付费，您可以获得一个永不改变的静态 IP 地址。
网络地址解读
那么，如果你的所有设备都连接到路由器但只有一个公共 IP 地址，它如何知道本地网络上的哪个设备应该获取哪个数据包？这就是路由器的全部目的，以确保数据包被路由(routed)到正确的位置。
当路由数据包到达其公共 IP 地址时，路由器使用网络地址转换 (NAT)(Network Address Translation (NAT))表来记录数据包的目标本地设备。因此，如果 192.168.0.2 上的笔记本电脑从网站请求数据，则会在记录中注明并发送到正确的私有 IP 地址。
为什么特别是 192.168.0.1？
这一切都很好，但为什么特别是 192.168.0.1 呢？确切的原因很复杂，但最关键的解释是互联网 IP 地址是有限的。就像密码锁一样，互联网上使用的唯一IP数量有限。(IPs)
为了确保 IP 地址的有效使用，它们的范围被保留用于不同的用途。IP 地址范围有五类，从 A 到E。只有(E. Only)A、B 和 C 类具有专用 IP 地址范围，保留供内部网络使用，不面向整个 Internet。
192.168.0.1 来自C 类(Class C)网络的私有 IP 范围。这就是小型局域网 ( LAN(LANs) ) 的类别。范围从 192.168.0.0 开始，一直到 192.168.255.255。
127.0.0.1 或localhost也来自C 类(Class C)网络的保留 IP 范围。但是，该地址来自所谓的“特殊 IP”范围，而不是私有 IP 范围。
其他流行的路由器 IP 地址
您可能使用了不使用 192.168.0.1 的路由器，这是完全正常的！由于这些是私有 IP 地址，路由器制造商决定使用哪个私有 IP 范围并不重要。
一些替代地址仍在同一私有 IP 范围内。因此，您的路由器可能使用（例如）192.168.1.1。其他替代方案可能包括 10.0.0.1，它来自 B 类私有 IP 范围。几乎(Virtually)所有家用路由器都使用 192.168.xx 或 10.xxx IP 地址。
查找您的路由器 IP 地址
如果您在浏览器中输入 19.168.0.1 并没有到达路由器的登录页面，您如何确定您的路由器使用哪个地址？有几种快速简便的方法可以找出答案。
首先，大多数路由器在某处都贴有 IP 地址以及默认用户名和密码的标签。您通常还可以在用户手册中找到相同的信息。
说到用户手册，如果您丢失了用户手册，那么制造商的网站上很可能有它的PDF版本。
如果您使用Windows计算机连接到路由器，您还可以使用命令提示符(Command Prompt)轻松找到它：
- 打开开始菜单(Start Menu)并搜索CMD，然后在出现命令提示符(Command Prompt)条目时打开它。
- 在提示符处，键入ipconfig，然后按Enter。
- 查找标记为Default Gateway的条目。
默认网关 IP 地址与路由器的 IP 地址相同，因此在 Web 浏览器的地址栏中键入该地址应该可以让您进入登录屏幕。
我们解决了这个问题吗？
什么是 192.168.0.1？现在你应该知道了。一旦你理解了它背后的原因，这很容易，但对某些人来说仍然感觉有点过于技术化。现代路由器还提供其他方式来访问其设置，最流行的是智能手机应用程序，它可以在后台为您完成所有复杂的事情。所以一定要检查你的路由器是否有兼容的应用程序！
What Is 192.168.0.1, and Why Is It The Default IP Address for Most Routers?
The IP address 192.168.0.1 is the most cоmmon address to access and configure wireless routers from a web browser. It’s a default address because specific IP address ranges are reserved for different types of networks, and 192.168.0.1 is reserved for networks such as your home LAN.
The story of this IP address is deeper than you might think, but before we get into that we’ll cover the bare basics of what an IP address is.
IP Addresses: The Quick Version
First, 192.168.0.1 is an example of an IP (internet protocol) address. The internet is a vast computer network that routes trillions and trillions of data bits around. Those packets have to be sent around in an orderly fashion, which requires a strict set of rules. This set of rules (or “protocol”) is known as TCP/IP. That’s short for Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
TCP/IP breaks down information (such as a JPEG or an email) into small uniform packets. These packets are like postage envelopes. There’s a destination and origin address on each one. Every time the packet passes through a network router, it’s sent on its way, getting closer to its final destination with each hop.
The number 192.168.0.1 is an example of that address format. In short, it’s the address of your router on the network. Any packets with that address go to the router directly.
Private vs. Public IP Addresses
Here’s where it gets tricky. The address 192.168.0.1 is one of two addresses assigned to your router. All local devices connected to the router via WiFi or Ethernet see that address, but the router IP address is entirely different on the internet-facing side of the router.
These are the private and public IP addresses. The private address is the one you see as a member of the local network, and the public address is the one the entire internet sees.
This means that all devices in your home share the same IP address on the internet. This is one of the reasons you don’t want just anyone using your internet connection! After all, your location and identity are tied to your public IP address.
Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) assigns the public IP address and usually, you don’t have any control over it. It may change every time your internet connection disconnects or, if you pay for the privilege, you can get a static IP address that never changes.
Network Address Translation
So, if all of your devices are connected to the router but only have one public IP address, how does it know which device on the local network should get which packet? That’s the entire purpose of a router, to make sure that packets are routed to the correct place.
When routing packets arrive at their public IP address, the router uses a Network Address Translation (NAT) table to record which local device the packet is meant for. So if a laptop on 192.168.0.2 requested data from a website, that would have been noted in the record and sent to the correct private IP address.
Why 192.168.0.1 in Particular?
That’s all good and well, but why 192.168.0.1 in particular? The exact reason is complicated, but the most crucial explanation is that internet IP addresses are limited. Like a combination lock, there are only a limited number of unique IPs for use on the internet.
To ensure that IP addresses are used efficiently, ranges of them are reserved for different uses. There are five classes of IP address range, going from A to E. Only Classes A, B and C have private IP address ranges that are reserved for internal network use, not facing the internet at large.
The 192.168.0.1 comes from the private IP range of Class C networks. That’s the class for small local area networks (LANs). The range starts at 192.168.0.0 and goes up to 192.168.255.255.
127.0.0.1 or localhost is also from the reserved IP ranges for Class C networks. However, that address is from the so-called “special IP” range, not the private IP range.
Other Popular Router IP Addresses
You’ve probably used a router that doesn’t use 192.168.0.1, and that’s completely normal! Since these are private IP addresses, it doesn’t matter which private IP range the router manufacturer decides to use.
Some alternative addresses are still within the same private IP range. So your router might use (for example) 192.168.1.1. Other alternatives may include 10.0.0.1, which is from the Class B private IP range. Virtually all home routers use either a 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x IP address.
Finding Your Router IP Address
If you’ve typed 19.168.0.1 into your browser and didn’t arrive at the router’s login page, how can you figure out which address your router uses? There are several fast and easy ways to find out.
First, most routers have a sticker somewhere with the IP address and the default username and password. You can usually also find the same information in the user manual.
Speaking of the user manual, if you’ve lost yours, then it’s likely there’s a PDF version of it on the manufacturer’s website.
If you’re connected to the router using a Windows computer, you can also easily find it using the Command Prompt:
- Open the Start Menu and search for CMD, then open the Command Prompt entry when it appears.
- At the prompt, type ipconfig and then press Enter.
- Look for the entry labeled Default Gateway.
The default gateway IP address is the same as the router’s IP address, so typing that into a web browser’s address bar should get you to the login screen.
Have We Addressed the Problem?
What is 192.168.0.1? Now you should know. It’s easy once you understand the reasoning behind it but can still feel a little too technical for some. Modern routers also offer other ways to access their settings, the most popular being a smartphone app that does all the complicated stuff in the background for you. So be sure to check if your router has a compatible app!
